En este post hay dos piezas para hacer comprensible el final del siglo XX y nuestra entrada en el S.XXI, la primera está tomada de Eric Hobsbwan, de su libro Historia del Siglo XX, el testamento de un historiador gigantesco, que ha repasado y sentado cátedra sobre el paso de la modernidad al presente. Un segundo bloque presenta material en inglés sobre lo que fue la Guerra Fría extraído de wikipedia. Cada uno con un tono y unas reflexiones bien distintas, quizás así podamos también entrever la diferencia sutil entre la exposición informativa (wikipedia) y el análisis intelectual (Hobsbawn).
El derrumbamiento de una parte del mundo reveló el malestar existente en el resto. Cuando los años ochenta dejaron paso a los noventa se hizo patente que la crisis mundial no era sólo general en la esfera económica, sino también en el ámbito de política. El colapso de los regímenes comunistas entre Istria y Vladivostok no sólo dejó tras de sí una ingente zona dominada por la incertidumbre política, la inestabilidad, el caos y la guerra civil, sino que destruyó el sistema internacional que había estabilizado las relaciones internacionales durante cuarenta años y reveló, al mismo tiempo, la precariedad de los sistemas políticos nacionales que se sustentaban en esa estabilidad. Las tensiones generadas por los problemas económicos socavaron los sistemas políticos de la democracia liberal, parlamentarios o presidencialistas, que tan bien habían funcionado en los países capitalistas desarrollados desde la segunda guerra mundial. Pero socavaron también los sistemas políticos existentes en el tercer mundo. Las mismas unidades políticas fundamentales, los <
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The Cold War (approx. 1945–1991) was a continuing state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the United States and its NATO allies, and the communist world, led by the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies. This began after the success of their temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the USSR and the US as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc with the eastern European countries it occupied, maintaining these as satellite states. The post-war recovery of Western Europe was facilitated by the United States' Marshall Plan, while the Soviet Union, wary of the conditions attached, declined and set up COMECON with its Eastern allies. The United States forged NATO, a military alliance using containment of communism as a main strategy through the Truman Doctrine, in 1949, while the Soviet bloc formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Some countries aligned with either of the two powers, whilst others chose to remain neutral with the Non-Aligned Movement.
The Cold War was so named as it never featured direct military action, since both sides possessed nuclear weapons, and because their use would probably guarantee their mutual assured destruction. Cycles of relative calm would be followed by high tension which could have led to war. The most tense involved the Berlin Blockade (1948–1949), the Korean War (1950–1953), the Berlin Crisis of 1961, the Vietnam War (1959–1975), the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), the Soviet war in Afghanistan (1979–1989), and the Able Archer 83 NATO exercises in November 1983. The conflict was instead expressed through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race. The US and USSR fought proxy wars of various types: in Latin America and Southeast Asia, the USSR assisted and helped foster communist revolutions, opposed by several Western countries and their regional allies; some they attempted to roll back through subversion and warfare, with mixed results. To alleviate the risk of a potential nuclear war, both sides sought détente in the 1970s to relieve political tensions.
In the 1980s, the United States increased diplomatic, military, and economic pressures on the Soviet Union, at a time when the nation was already suffering economic stagnation. In the late 1980s, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ("reconstruction", "reorganization", 1987) and glasnost ("openness", ca. 1985). This opened the country and its satellite states to a mostly peaceful wave of revolutions which culminated in the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, leaving the United States as the dominant military power.
